Underlying Mechanisms of Impulse Control Disorders and Dopamine Agonist Withdrawal Syndrome in Parkinson’s Disease

Recently, much attention has been paid to not only motor symptoms but also Non-Motor Symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson’s disease [1]. NMS include sleep disorders, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, sensory impairment, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Neuropsychiatric symptoms include depression, apathy, anxiety, anhedonia, attention deficit, hallucinations, confusion, Impulse Control Disorders (ICD), and cognitive dysfunction [1]. These symptoms are risk factors that influence a patient’s quality of life, and the prevalence of NMS increases along with disease progression [2].